Problem 6.8 Medium Free 1 variation

HHT Before HTT

A fair coin is flipped repeatedly until either the pattern HHTHHT or the pattern HTTHTT has appeared as a run of three consecutive flips. Find the probability that HHTHHT appears first.

Work it out, then compare with the answer.

SolutionShow the worked solution

Neither pattern can be completed until a head has appeared. So any initial tails can be ignored, and we may start in the state “last flip HH, no further progress”. Track the relevant suffix of the sequence:

  • SHS_H: the last flip is HH, and it is not preceded by a useful HH;
  • SHHS_{HH}: the last two flips are HHHH;
  • SHTS_{HT}: the last two flips are HTHT, following a reset or a start.

Let aa, bb, cc be the probabilities that HHTHHT appears first from SHS_H, SHHS_{HH} and SHTS_{HT} respectively.

From SHHS_{HH}, a head leaves us in SHHS_{HH} and a tail completes HHTHHT. Two consecutive tails can never occur from here without first producing HHTHHT, so b=1b=1.

From SHS_H, a head moves to SHHS_{HH} and a tail moves to SHTS_{HT}:

a=12b+12c=12+12c.a = \tfrac12 b + \tfrac12 c = \tfrac12 + \tfrac12 c.

From SHTS_{HT}, a tail completes HTTHTT, a loss. A head gives the suffix HTHHTH. Its last HH is a fresh start, because neither pattern can use the preceding HTHT, so we return to SHS_H:

c=12⋅0+12a.c = \tfrac12\cdot 0 + \tfrac12 a.

Substituting gives a=12+14aa = \tfrac12 + \tfrac14 a, so a=23a=\tfrac23.

23\boxed{\tfrac23}

Key idea. Once HHHH appears, HHTHHT is certain to win. Thus HHTHHT wins exactly when HHHH occurs before HTTHTT.

Variations

The same idea with a twist. Each solution gives only the changed step.

Variation 6.8a

Alice and Bob flip a fair coin repeatedly and record the sequence of outcomes. Alice wins if the pattern HTHHTH appears before the pattern HHTHHT; otherwise Bob wins. Find the probability that Bob wins.

Work it out, then compare with the answer.

Solution

Use the same states after the first head. Now let pp and qq be the probabilities that Bob (HHTHHT) wins from SHS_H and from SHTS_{HT}.

From SHHS_{HH} Bob wins with probability 11, exactly as before.

From SHTS_{HT}, a head completes HTHHTH, so Alice wins. A tail gives HTTHTT, which is useless to both players, so we must wait for the next head and return to SHS_H. Hence q=12pq=\tfrac12 p.

From SHS_H we have p=12⋅1+12q=12+14pp=\tfrac12\cdot 1+\tfrac12 q = \tfrac12+\tfrac14 p, so p=23p=\tfrac23.

23\boxed{\tfrac23}