Hourglasses for Nine Minutes
You have a -minute hourglass and a -minute hourglass (each measures its own duration exactly, and can be flipped the instant its sand runs out, or earlier if you choose). Describe a procedure using only these two hourglasses that lets you identify the moment exactly minutes after you start.
Work it out, then compare with the answer.
Answer
Start both glasses. When the 4-glass empties (minute 4), flip it. When the 7-glass empties (minute 7), flip it. When the 4-glass empties again (minute 8), flip the 7-glass, which now holds 1 minute of sand on top. It runs out at exactly minute 9.
SolutionShow the worked solution
Start both glasses together at time . Write each glass’s state as the amount of sand, in minutes, left in its upper bulb.
| time | 4-glass | 7-glass | action |
|---|---|---|---|
| start both | |||
| 4-glass empties: flip it | |||
| 7-glass empties: flip it | |||
| 4-glass empties: flip the 7-glass | |||
| 7-glass empties |
- From time to time the 4-glass runs out. Flip it at once. The 7-glass now has minutes left.
- At time the 7-glass runs out. The 4-glass was restarted at time , so it has run for minutes and has minute left. Flip the 7-glass, which restarts it full.
- At time the 4-glass runs out. The 7-glass has run for exactly minute since time . Its lower bulb therefore holds minute of sand.
- Flip the 7-glass at time . That minute of sand is now on top, so the glass runs out exactly minute later, at time .
Every flip is triggered by a glass running out, so all the timings are exact.
Key idea. The 4-glass marks minute while the 7-glass holds a known -minute residue. Flipping the 7-glass then reuses that residue, giving .