Problem 3.7 Easy Free

Two Birds Side by Side

Two blue birds and six yellow birds land on a wire in a uniformly random left-to-right order, with no two birds sharing a spot. Find the probability that the two blue birds end up adjacent to each other.

Work it out, then compare with the answer.

SolutionShow the worked solution

By symmetry, the set of two positions occupied by the blue birds is uniformly distributed over the (82)=28\binom{8}{2}=28 unordered pairs of positions among 1,…,81,\dots,8. The blue birds are adjacent exactly when this pair is {i,i+1}\{i,i+1\} for some i∈{1,…,7}i\in\{1,\dots,7\}, which gives 77 favourable pairs. Hence

P(adjacent)=7(82)=728=14.\mathbb{P}(\text{adjacent})=\frac{7}{\binom{8}{2}}=\frac{7}{28}=\frac14 .
14\boxed{\tfrac14}

Alternative. Condition on the position of the first blue bird. If it is at an end (probability 28\tfrac{2}{8}), exactly one of the 77 remaining spots is adjacent to it. Otherwise (probability 68\tfrac{6}{8}), two of the 77 are. The probability is therefore 28⋅17+68⋅27=1456=14\tfrac{2}{8}\cdot\tfrac17+\tfrac68\cdot\tfrac27=\tfrac{14}{56}=\tfrac14.

Generalisation. With nn spots, the probability is (n−1)/(n2)=2/n(n-1)/\binom{n}{2}=2/n.